A Randomized, Single-Blind, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Novel Dietary Supplement Blend with L-Citrulline on Biomarkers of Hydration, Muscle Size, Affect, Inflammation, and Muscular Endurance Original Research
Main Article Content
Keywords
muscle girth, repetitions to failure, muscle pump, L-Citrulline
Abstract
Introduction: Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that has previously been shown to improve athletic performance, reduce fatigue, and increase blood flow. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a novel dietary supplement blend (3D PUMP BREAKTHROUGH®, 3DPump) vs. citrulline alone on changes in muscle volume, fluid shifts, markers of hydration, inflammation, recovery, affect, and muscular endurance.
Methods: Twenty-eight recreationally active subjects (6 women, 22 men) participated in a randomized, positive-controlled, single-blind, crossover study which involved 4 testing visits (2 workout visits each with a 24-hr follow-up visit). Participants ingested 3DPump (containing 3g L-citrulline, 1.2g glycerol, 165mg Amla fruit extract) or 8g of L-citrulline alone 45min before an aerobic and resistance training workout. Assessments of body fluid shifts (via BIA), markers of hydration (urine and serum osmolality, USG, hemoglobin), and appendicular girth were taken before and after exercise while markers of damage and inflammation (neutrophils, CK, ESR, MCP-1, CRP) were taken before and 24 hours after exercise, muscular endurance (reps to failure) was assessed during resistance exercises, and subjective measures of affect and recovery were taken before, after and 24 hours after exercise. Mixed factorial ANOVAs with dependent t-tests were used to compare treatments.
Results: A significant interaction occurred for right thigh circumference; however post hoc testing indicated both groups increased similarly in post workout girth (p<0.05). A significant interaction occurred for ECF/TBW indicating post workout was greater than pre workout in 3DPump only (p=0.002). An interaction trend (p≤0.010) occurred for SBP and DBP indicating that 3DPump was uniquely able to significantly lower blood pressure (SBP and DBP) post workout compared to baseline and 24 hours after exercise (p<0.001).
Conclusions: 3DPump, which contains 3g L-citrulline was able to provide similar effects in muscular endurance, muscle pump and other subjective feelings of affect, hydration, damage and inflammation markers, and body fluid shifts as an 8g dose of L-citrulline alone. 3DPump may have unique benefits on improving post exercise vascular tone and ECF/TBW.
References
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3. Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Freese R, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65(1):51-59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02990.x
4. Gonzalez AM, Townsend JR, Pinzone AG, Hoffman JR. Supplementation with Nitric Oxide Precursors for Strength Performance: A Review of the Current Literature. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):660. doi:10.3390/nu15030660
5. Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1480. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426
6. Park HY, Kim SW, Seo J, et al. Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Supplements for Cardiovascular Health and Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(5):1268. doi:10.3390/nu15051268
7. Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(5):1215. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb28e0
8. Wax B, Kavazis AN, Weldon K, Sperlak J. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline Malate Ingestion During Repeated Bouts of Lower-Body Exercise in Advanced Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(3):786. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000670
9. Wax B, Kavazis AN, Luckett W. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained Males. J Diet Suppl. 2016;13(3):269-282. doi:10.3109/19390211.2015.1008615
10. Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW, Moyen NE. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(2):775-784. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6
11. Chappell AJ, Allwood DM, Simper TN. Citrulline Malate Fails to Improve German Volume Training Performance in Healthy Young Men and Women. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17(3):249-260. doi:10.1080/19390211.2018.1513433
12. Cutrufello PT, Gadomski SJ, Zavorsky GS. The effect of l-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(14):1459-1466. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.990495
13. Gonzalez AM, Spitz RW, Ghigiarelli JJ, Sell KM, Mangine GT. Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Upper-Body Resistance Exercise Performance in Recreationally Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(11):3088. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002373
14. Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al. A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6
15. Trexler ET, Persky AM, Ryan ED, Schwartz TA, Stoner L, Smith-Ryan AE. Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2019;49(5):707-718. doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01091-z
16. Vårvik FT, Bjørnsen T, Gonzalez AM. Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate on Repetition Performance During Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2021;31(4):350-358. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0295
17. Heller R, Unbehaun A, Schellenberg B, Mayer B, Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER. l-Ascorbic Acid Potentiates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthesis via a Chemical Stabilization of Tetrahydrobiopterin *. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(1):40-47. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004392200
18. Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Williams E, et al. Two weeks of watermelon juice supplementation improves nitric oxide bioavailability but not endurance exercise performance in humans. Nitric Oxide. 2016;59:10-20. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.06.008
19. McKinley-Barnard S, Andre T, Morita M, Willoughby DS. Combined L-citrulline and glutathione supplementation increases the concentration of markers indicative of nitric oxide synthesis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(1):27. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0086-7
20. Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Perkins-Veazie P, et al. Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. Nutrients. 2016;8(8):518. doi:10.3390/nu8080518
21. Jain PK, Das D, Pandey N, Jain P. TRADITIONAL INDIAN HERB EMBLICA OFFICINALIS AND ITS MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE. 2016;4(4).
22. Khopde SM, Priyadarsini KI, Mohan H, et al. Characterizing the antioxidant activity of amla (Phyllanthus emblica) extract. Curr Sci. 2001;81(2):185-190.
23. Yamamoto H, Morino K, Mengistu L, et al. Amla Enhances Mitochondrial Spare Respiratory Capacity by Increasing Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Antioxidant Systems in a Murine Skeletal Muscle Cell Line. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:e1735841. doi:10.1155/2016/1735841
24. Usharani P, Fatima N, Muralidhar N. Effects of Phyllanthus emblica extract on endothelial dysfunction and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2013;6:275. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S46341
25. Knight C, Braakhuis A, Paton C. The Effect of Glycerol Ingestion on Performance During Simulated Multisport Activity. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(2):233-238. doi:10.1080/02701367.2010.10599670
26. Patlar S, Yalçin H, Boyali E. The Effect of Glycerol Supplements on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance of Athletes and Sedentary Subjects. J Hum Kinet. 2012;34:69-79. doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0065-x
27. Lee KA, Hicks G, Nino-Murcia G. Validity and reliability of a scale to assess fatigue. Psychiatry Res. 1991;36(3):291-298. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90027-M
28. Lopez HL, Cesareo KR, Raub B, et al. Effects of Hemp Extract on Markers of Wellness, Stress Resilience, Recovery and Clinical Biomarkers of Safety in Overweight, But Otherwise Healthy Subjects. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17(5):561-586. doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1765941
29. Ziegenfuss TN, Kedia AW, Sandrock JE, Raub BJ, Kerksick CM, Lopez HL. Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Withania somnifera on Strength Training Adaptations and Recovery: The STAR Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1807. doi:10.3390/nu10111807
30. Gonzalez AM, Pinzone AG, Lipes SE, et al. Effect of watermelon supplementation on exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and vessel diameter in resistance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022;122(7):1627-1638. doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04940-4
31. Freund BJ, Montain SJ, Young AJ, et al. Glycerol hyperhydration: hormonal, renal, and vascular fluid responses. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79(6):2069-2077. doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.79.6.2069
32. Jolicoeur Desroches A, Naulleau C, Deshayes TA, Parent-Roberge H, Pancrate T, Goulet EDB. Effect of Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration on a 5-kilometer Running Time-Trial Performance in the Heat in Recreationally Active Individuals. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):599. doi:10.3390/nu15030599
33. van Rosendal SP, Osborne MA, Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Guidelines for Glycerol Use in Hyperhydration and Rehydration Associated with Exercise. Sports Med. 2010;40(2):113-139. doi:10.2165/11530760-000000000-00000
34. Kraft JA, Green JM, Bishop PA, Richardson MT, Neggers YH, Leeper JD. The Influence of Hydration on Anaerobic Performance. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2012;83(2):282-292. doi:10.1080/02701367.2012.10599859
35. Alessio HM, Goldfarb AH, Cao G. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress before and after Vitamin C Supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 1997;7(1):1-9. doi:10.1123/ijsn.7.1.1
36. Ashton T, Young IS, Peters JR, et al. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, exercise, and oxidative stress: an ascorbic acid intervention study. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87(6):2032-2036. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.2032
37. Gul M, Liu ZW, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, et al. Functional and Nutraceutical Significance of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.): A Review. Antioxidants. 2022;11(5):816. doi:10.3390/antiox11050816
38. Sureda A, Córdova A, Ferrer MD, et al. Effects of L-citrulline oral supplementation on polymorphonuclear neutrophils oxidative burst and nitric oxide production after exercise. Free Radic Res. 2009;43(9):828-835. doi:10.1080/10715760903071664
39. Martínez-Sánchez A, Alacid F, Rubio-Arias JA, Fernández-Lobato B, Ramos-Campo DJ, Aguayo E. Consumption of Watermelon Juice Enriched in l-Citrulline and Pomegranate Ellagitannins Enhanced Metabolism during Physical Exercise. J Agric Food Chem. 2017;65(22):4395-4404. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00586
40. Brancaccio P, Maffulli N, Buonauro R, Limongelli FM. Serum Enzyme Monitoring in Sports Medicine. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27(1):1-18. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2007.09.005
41. Allerton TD, Proctor DN, Stephens JM, Dugas TR, Spielmann G, Irving BA. l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):921. doi:10.3390/nu10070921
42. Jones AM. Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance. Sports Med. 2014;44(1):35-45. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0149-y
43. Figueroa A, Wong A, Jaime SJ, Gonzales JU. Influence of l-citrulline and watermelon supplementation on vascular function and exercise performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20(1):92-98. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000340
44. Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Lord T, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Jones AM. l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2015;119(4):385-395. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00192.2014
45. Bhatia J, Tabassum F, Sharma AK, et al. Emblica officinalis Exerts Antihypertensive Effect in a Rat Model of DOCA-Salt-Induced Hypertension: Role of (p) eNOS, NO and Oxidative Stress. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2011;11(3):272-279. doi:10.1007/s12012-011-9122-2
46. Kim HY, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Yokozawa T. The protective role of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) against fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in a rat model. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(4):502-512. doi:10.1017/S0007114509991978
47. Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Kim HJ, et al. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Attenuates Age-Related Renal Dysfunction by Oxidative Stress. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(19):7744-7752. doi:10.1021/jf072105s
48. Ghaffari S, Navabzadeh M, Ziaee M, Ghobadi A, Ghods R, Hashem-Dabaghian F. A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Add-On Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Emblica officinalis in Uncontrolled Hypertension. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:e8592869. doi:10.1155/2020/8592869
49. Kapoor MP, Suzuki K, Derek T, Ozeki M, Okubo T. Clinical evaluation of Emblica Officinalis Gatertn (Amla) in healthy human subjects: Health benefits and safety results from a randomized, double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2020;17:100499. doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100499
2. Martin JS, Mumford PW, Haun CT, et al. Effects of a pre-workout supplement on hyperemia following leg extension resistance exercise to failure with different resistance loads. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):38. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0195-6
3. Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Freese R, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65(1):51-59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02990.x
4. Gonzalez AM, Townsend JR, Pinzone AG, Hoffman JR. Supplementation with Nitric Oxide Precursors for Strength Performance: A Review of the Current Literature. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):660. doi:10.3390/nu15030660
5. Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1480. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426
6. Park HY, Kim SW, Seo J, et al. Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Supplements for Cardiovascular Health and Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(5):1268. doi:10.3390/nu15051268
7. Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(5):1215. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb28e0
8. Wax B, Kavazis AN, Weldon K, Sperlak J. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline Malate Ingestion During Repeated Bouts of Lower-Body Exercise in Advanced Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(3):786. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000670
9. Wax B, Kavazis AN, Luckett W. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained Males. J Diet Suppl. 2016;13(3):269-282. doi:10.3109/19390211.2015.1008615
10. Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW, Moyen NE. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(2):775-784. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6
11. Chappell AJ, Allwood DM, Simper TN. Citrulline Malate Fails to Improve German Volume Training Performance in Healthy Young Men and Women. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17(3):249-260. doi:10.1080/19390211.2018.1513433
12. Cutrufello PT, Gadomski SJ, Zavorsky GS. The effect of l-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(14):1459-1466. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.990495
13. Gonzalez AM, Spitz RW, Ghigiarelli JJ, Sell KM, Mangine GT. Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Upper-Body Resistance Exercise Performance in Recreationally Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(11):3088. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002373
14. Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al. A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6
15. Trexler ET, Persky AM, Ryan ED, Schwartz TA, Stoner L, Smith-Ryan AE. Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2019;49(5):707-718. doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01091-z
16. Vårvik FT, Bjørnsen T, Gonzalez AM. Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate on Repetition Performance During Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2021;31(4):350-358. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0295
17. Heller R, Unbehaun A, Schellenberg B, Mayer B, Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER. l-Ascorbic Acid Potentiates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthesis via a Chemical Stabilization of Tetrahydrobiopterin *. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(1):40-47. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004392200
18. Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Williams E, et al. Two weeks of watermelon juice supplementation improves nitric oxide bioavailability but not endurance exercise performance in humans. Nitric Oxide. 2016;59:10-20. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.06.008
19. McKinley-Barnard S, Andre T, Morita M, Willoughby DS. Combined L-citrulline and glutathione supplementation increases the concentration of markers indicative of nitric oxide synthesis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(1):27. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0086-7
20. Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Perkins-Veazie P, et al. Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. Nutrients. 2016;8(8):518. doi:10.3390/nu8080518
21. Jain PK, Das D, Pandey N, Jain P. TRADITIONAL INDIAN HERB EMBLICA OFFICINALIS AND ITS MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE. 2016;4(4).
22. Khopde SM, Priyadarsini KI, Mohan H, et al. Characterizing the antioxidant activity of amla (Phyllanthus emblica) extract. Curr Sci. 2001;81(2):185-190.
23. Yamamoto H, Morino K, Mengistu L, et al. Amla Enhances Mitochondrial Spare Respiratory Capacity by Increasing Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Antioxidant Systems in a Murine Skeletal Muscle Cell Line. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:e1735841. doi:10.1155/2016/1735841
24. Usharani P, Fatima N, Muralidhar N. Effects of Phyllanthus emblica extract on endothelial dysfunction and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2013;6:275. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S46341
25. Knight C, Braakhuis A, Paton C. The Effect of Glycerol Ingestion on Performance During Simulated Multisport Activity. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(2):233-238. doi:10.1080/02701367.2010.10599670
26. Patlar S, Yalçin H, Boyali E. The Effect of Glycerol Supplements on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance of Athletes and Sedentary Subjects. J Hum Kinet. 2012;34:69-79. doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0065-x
27. Lee KA, Hicks G, Nino-Murcia G. Validity and reliability of a scale to assess fatigue. Psychiatry Res. 1991;36(3):291-298. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90027-M
28. Lopez HL, Cesareo KR, Raub B, et al. Effects of Hemp Extract on Markers of Wellness, Stress Resilience, Recovery and Clinical Biomarkers of Safety in Overweight, But Otherwise Healthy Subjects. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17(5):561-586. doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1765941
29. Ziegenfuss TN, Kedia AW, Sandrock JE, Raub BJ, Kerksick CM, Lopez HL. Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Withania somnifera on Strength Training Adaptations and Recovery: The STAR Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1807. doi:10.3390/nu10111807
30. Gonzalez AM, Pinzone AG, Lipes SE, et al. Effect of watermelon supplementation on exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and vessel diameter in resistance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022;122(7):1627-1638. doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04940-4
31. Freund BJ, Montain SJ, Young AJ, et al. Glycerol hyperhydration: hormonal, renal, and vascular fluid responses. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79(6):2069-2077. doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.79.6.2069
32. Jolicoeur Desroches A, Naulleau C, Deshayes TA, Parent-Roberge H, Pancrate T, Goulet EDB. Effect of Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration on a 5-kilometer Running Time-Trial Performance in the Heat in Recreationally Active Individuals. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):599. doi:10.3390/nu15030599
33. van Rosendal SP, Osborne MA, Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Guidelines for Glycerol Use in Hyperhydration and Rehydration Associated with Exercise. Sports Med. 2010;40(2):113-139. doi:10.2165/11530760-000000000-00000
34. Kraft JA, Green JM, Bishop PA, Richardson MT, Neggers YH, Leeper JD. The Influence of Hydration on Anaerobic Performance. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2012;83(2):282-292. doi:10.1080/02701367.2012.10599859
35. Alessio HM, Goldfarb AH, Cao G. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress before and after Vitamin C Supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 1997;7(1):1-9. doi:10.1123/ijsn.7.1.1
36. Ashton T, Young IS, Peters JR, et al. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, exercise, and oxidative stress: an ascorbic acid intervention study. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87(6):2032-2036. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.2032
37. Gul M, Liu ZW, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, et al. Functional and Nutraceutical Significance of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.): A Review. Antioxidants. 2022;11(5):816. doi:10.3390/antiox11050816
38. Sureda A, Córdova A, Ferrer MD, et al. Effects of L-citrulline oral supplementation on polymorphonuclear neutrophils oxidative burst and nitric oxide production after exercise. Free Radic Res. 2009;43(9):828-835. doi:10.1080/10715760903071664
39. Martínez-Sánchez A, Alacid F, Rubio-Arias JA, Fernández-Lobato B, Ramos-Campo DJ, Aguayo E. Consumption of Watermelon Juice Enriched in l-Citrulline and Pomegranate Ellagitannins Enhanced Metabolism during Physical Exercise. J Agric Food Chem. 2017;65(22):4395-4404. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00586
40. Brancaccio P, Maffulli N, Buonauro R, Limongelli FM. Serum Enzyme Monitoring in Sports Medicine. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27(1):1-18. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2007.09.005
41. Allerton TD, Proctor DN, Stephens JM, Dugas TR, Spielmann G, Irving BA. l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):921. doi:10.3390/nu10070921
42. Jones AM. Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance. Sports Med. 2014;44(1):35-45. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0149-y
43. Figueroa A, Wong A, Jaime SJ, Gonzales JU. Influence of l-citrulline and watermelon supplementation on vascular function and exercise performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20(1):92-98. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000340
44. Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Lord T, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Jones AM. l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2015;119(4):385-395. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00192.2014
45. Bhatia J, Tabassum F, Sharma AK, et al. Emblica officinalis Exerts Antihypertensive Effect in a Rat Model of DOCA-Salt-Induced Hypertension: Role of (p) eNOS, NO and Oxidative Stress. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2011;11(3):272-279. doi:10.1007/s12012-011-9122-2
46. Kim HY, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Yokozawa T. The protective role of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) against fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in a rat model. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(4):502-512. doi:10.1017/S0007114509991978
47. Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Kim HJ, et al. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Attenuates Age-Related Renal Dysfunction by Oxidative Stress. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(19):7744-7752. doi:10.1021/jf072105s
48. Ghaffari S, Navabzadeh M, Ziaee M, Ghobadi A, Ghods R, Hashem-Dabaghian F. A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Add-On Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Emblica officinalis in Uncontrolled Hypertension. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:e8592869. doi:10.1155/2020/8592869
49. Kapoor MP, Suzuki K, Derek T, Ozeki M, Okubo T. Clinical evaluation of Emblica Officinalis Gatertn (Amla) in healthy human subjects: Health benefits and safety results from a randomized, double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2020;17:100499. doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100499
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May 7, 2023
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A Randomized, Single-Blind, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Novel Dietary Supplement Blend with L-Citrulline on Biomarkers of Hydration, Muscle Size, Affect, Inflammation, and Muscular Endurance: Original Research. (2023). Journal of Exercise and Nutrition, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.53520/jen2023.103144
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Copyright, 2024 by the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
A Randomized, Single-Blind, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Novel Dietary Supplement Blend with L-Citrulline on Biomarkers of Hydration, Muscle Size, Affect, Inflammation, and Muscular Endurance: Original Research. (2023). Journal of Exercise and Nutrition, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.53520/jen2023.103144